This lesson expands on the use of こと to say you have done something, how to use たり to link verbs together, and how to use the verb なる, to become.
Morphology
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The volitional verb form
So far, with the -te, -nai, plain and -ta forms, we have learned that verbs come in two main inflection types: ru verbs, where the verb stem remains unchanged when different endings are attached, and -u verbs where the last letter of the verb stem can change depending on the ending that is attached. Now…
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The past verb form
So far, with the -te, -nai and plain forms, we have learned that verbs come in two main inflection types: ru verbs, where the verb stem remains unchanged when different endings are attached, and -u verbs where the last letter of the verb stem can change depending on the ending that is attached. Now let’s…
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The -te verb form
So far, we have learned that verbs end with ます. Before we look at how to make -te forms, we could go a bit further by saying that in Romaji, the ますform of all verbs ends in either emasu or imasu. Verbs ending in –emasu たべます、はじめます、あけます Verbs ending in –imasu みます、おわります、かきます、あそびます With this in mind,…
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The negative verb form
So far, with the te form, we have learned that here are two main patterns for inflecting verbs: a simple one, where you remove the ます and replace it with て, and a complicated one, where you also have to change the letter that comes before ます. Now let’s look at the –nai form (1)…
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The -masu verb form
The –masu form of Japanese verbs, in which all verbs end with ます, is the first form that you need to learn. We could go into more detail by saying that in Romaji, the -masu form of all verbs ends in either -emasu or –imasu. Verbs ending in –emasu たべます、はじめます、あけます Verbs ending in –imasu みます、おわります、かきます、あそびます…
Structures
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どちらですか。
Whereas どこ means “where”, どちら means “which direction”. It also more polite to use どちら。 お手洗いはどちらですか。Which way is the toilet? 学校はどちらですか。Which school do you go to?
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[Question word]の[Noun]
The structure N1[location] の N2 can be used to show that N2 was made in or by N1. これはどこの電話ですか。Where is this phone from?韓国のです。It’s from Korea.
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こ・そ・あ・ど
これ This それ That (yours) あれ That (theirs) どれ Which? このN This N そのN That N (your N) あのN That N (their N) どのN Which N? ここ Here そこ There あそこ Over there どこ Where こちら This direction そちら That direction (to you) あちら That way over there どちら Which direction?
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今一時十五分です。
To express the time, use a number constructed with 時, the counter for hours, followed by a number constructed with 分, the counter for minutes. 十時十分です。It’s ten past ten. The question word for time is made by adding the counter 時 to the question prefix 何. You can make it clearer that you’re asking for…
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わかりますか。
These may be the most useful three phrases for somebody who is just beginning to learn Japanese. わかりますか。Do you understand? いいえ、わかりません。I don’t understand はい、わかりました。Yes, I understand Note that in わかりました, the past tense is used. This usage is unlike English, and means, “Yes, I have understood.”
Usage
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ブラウンさんはアメリカ人ですか。
The particle か at the end of a sentence turns that sentence into a question. ブラウンさんはアメリカ人ですか。Are you American, Mr. Brown? Also note that while the word “you” is used often in English, In Japanese the equivalent phrase is the listener’s name followed by さん. yes/no questions A simple sentence that has been converted into a…
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田中は学生じゃありません。
We have learned that any noun followed by です is enough to form a sentence meaning I am, you/they are, he/she/it is XX. The negative counterpart of this is じゃりません。 田中は学生じゃありません。Tanaka is not a student.
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ボタンを押せば、コーヒーが出ます。
To describe what is needed for a certain event to take place future.
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お金があれば、何でもできるね。
The conditional form can be used to show general truths and beliefs, and is often used in proverbs.
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大阪へ行けば、たこ焼きをたべています。
The conditional form can be used for a condition that happens often, and always has the same result.
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札幌に住んでいれば、毎日スープカレーを食べる。
The conditional form can be used to describe a hypothetical situation that might not be true.
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時間があれば、ぜひ遊びにけて下さい。
Because the condition and result are so tightly bound, when this form is used in an invitation, the invitation is only made if the condition is fulfilled.
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仕事をしないで、休みを取る。
The ないで form can be used to show that you are not doing something, you are something else instead.
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しょうゆをつけて食べます
The -te form can be used to make a compound verb showing that both verbs happen together.
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食べた後で…
When あと（後）is modified by a past-tense verb, it becomes a time expression that shows what happens after the action of the verb is completed.
Kanji
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Kanji 35
漢字 音 訓 English 学年 村 ソン むら Village 1 活 カツ Activity 2 向 コウ む-く、む-ける、む-かう、む-こう Face towards 3 拾 シュウ ジュウ、ひろ-う Pick up 3 島 トウ しま Island 3 葉 ヨウ は leaf 3 緑 リョク、（ロク） みどり Green 3 変 ヘン か-わる、か-える Change 4 捨 シャ す-てる Throw out 6 珍 チン めずら-しい…
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kanji 30
漢字 音 訓 学年 Edexcel 引 イン ひ-く、ひ-ける 2 A level 定 テイ、ジョウ さだ-める、さだ-まる、さだ-か 3 A level 箱 はこ 3 予 ヨ 3 A level 置 チ、お-く お-く 4 A level 約 ヤク 4 A level 冷 レイ つめ-たい、ひ-える、ひ-や、ひ-やす、ひ-やかす、さ-める、さ-ます 4 復 フク 5 A level 机 キ、 つくえ…
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Kanji 31
漢字 音 訓 学年 Edexcel 空 クウ そら、あ-く、あ-ける、から 1 Higher 文 ブン、モン ふみ 1 Higher 園 エン その 2 Higher 業 ギョウ、ゴウ わざ 3 A level 港 コウ みなと 3 式 シキ 3 Higher 受 ジュ う-ける、う-かる 3 A level 機 キ はた 4 A level 残 ザン のこ-る、のこ-す 4 A level 卒 ソツ 4…